https://www.unityvoltsolutions.com/blog daily 0.75 2026-07-16 https://www.unityvoltsolutions.com/blog/cathode-materials-101 monthly 0.5 2026-07-16 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6870a61da3af0b47861cbcf1/864906c2-a036-4898-8ae7-afb8936734c8/lithium-ion-cathode-material-comparison-radar-chart.webp.webp Blog - 2.2. Cathode Materials 101 - Make it stand out Figure 1. General comparison of common lithium-ion cathode chemistries across key downstream cell KPIs. Higher values indicate stronger relative performance. (Image source: Pang et al. 2025) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6870a61da3af0b47861cbcf1/f072c59f-b499-4bcf-89e4-4d6dc2138add/layered-spinel-olivine-cathode-crystal-structures.webp.webp Blog - 2.2. Cathode Materials 101 - Make it stand out Figure 2: Overview of lithium-ion cathode crystal structures. Green spheres represent Li⁺ ions. In layered LiCoO₂, blue represents CoO₆ octahedra; in spinel LiMn₂O₄, purple represents MnO₆ octahedra; in olivine LiFePO₄, gold represents FeO₆ octahedra and purple represents PO₄ tetrahedra. The dimensionality of each material is based on the main Li⁺ diffusion pathways inside the solid material particles. Greater diffusion dimensionality supports higher intrinsic rate capability, although practical power performance also depends on factors such as diffusion coefficients, electronic conductivity, particle size and electrode design. (Image source: Julien et al. 2014) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6870a61da3af0b47861cbcf1/6cd6c577-f06d-4454-97fd-27bdce3bf675/nickel-manganese-cobalt-cathode-material-ternary-diagram.webp Blog - 2.2. Cathode Materials 101 - Make it stand out Figure 3. Ternary composition diagram showing representative Ni–Co–Mn ratios in NCM cathode materials. The selected composition depends on the requirements of the target application. In general, increasing Ni raises capacity and energy density but reduces thermal stability and tends to accelerate degradation. Increasing Co generally supports power capability and cycle life by helping maintain the layered structure, but increases cost and ESG concerns. Increasing Mn generally improves thermal safety, lowers cost and can support cycle life, but reduces energy density because Mn⁴⁺ contributes relatively little usable capacity and may also limit power capability. These trends are qualitative and depend on the overall composition, material design, processing and operating conditions. (Image source: Das et al. 2023) https://www.unityvoltsolutions.com/blog/lfp-battery-chemistry-evolution monthly 0.5 2026-07-16 https://www.unityvoltsolutions.com/blog/cell-kpi-summary monthly 0.5 2026-07-16 https://www.unityvoltsolutions.com/blog/afm-xas-nmr-advanced-characterization-li-ion monthly 0.5 2026-07-15 https://www.unityvoltsolutions.com/blog/bet-dsc-tga-physical-thermal-properties-li-ion-cathodes monthly 0.5 2026-07-16 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6870a61da3af0b47861cbcf1/d35da711-d181-4247-8dfa-e71c7510b536/lfp-bet-surface-area-pore-size-isotherm.png Blog - 1.6. Physical & Thermal Properties (BET & DSC/TGA) - Make it stand out Figure 1. Nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms and calculated pore-size distributions of different LFP/C powders (see article 1.3, Fig. 1 for info on these powders). In the main graph, the x-axis shows relative nitrogen pressure while the y-axis shows the amount of nitrogen adsorbed by the powder. Nitrogen uptake across a range of pressures is recorded, and the resulting data is analysed mathematically to calculate specific surface area, accessible pore volume and pore-size distribution. Image Source: Peng et al. 2023 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6870a61da3af0b47861cbcf1/3a29d696-3a62-4ca3-8096-327d283af18b/lfp-tga-thermal-stability-weight-loss.png Blog - 1.6. Physical & Thermal Properties (BET & DSC/TGA) - Make it stand out Figure 2. Simultaneous DSC–TGA analysis of the carbon-coated LFP/C-0 powder. The sample was heated from 25 to 700°C at 10°C min⁻¹ in flowing air. The black TGA curve, read against the left axis, shows changes in sample mass, while the red DSC curve, read against the right axis, shows heat absorbed or released during heating. The upward direction is exothermic. https://www.unityvoltsolutions.com/blog/tem-hrtem-nanostructure-imaging-li-ion-cathodes monthly 0.5 2026-07-16 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6870a61da3af0b47861cbcf1/bf703107-003f-40dd-9741-725d7652176f/lfp-tem-hrtem-nanostructure-lattice-fringes.png.png Blog - 1.5. Nanostructure Imaging (TEM & HRTEM) - Make it stand out Figure 1. TEM (g) and HRTEM (h) images of the carbon-coated LFP/C-60 sample from Peng et al. 2023. https://www.unityvoltsolutions.com/blog/raman-ftir-lattice-vibrations-li-ion-materials monthly 0.5 2026-07-15 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6870a61da3af0b47861cbcf1/fdce5c59-9215-404e-89c4-180b147a3827/lfp-raman-spectrum-carbon-coating-structure.jpg Blog - 1.4. Vibrational Spectroscopy (Raman & FTIR) - Figure 1. Raman spectrum of carbon-coated LiFePO₄/C prepared using urea-assisted combustion, with sucrose used as the carbon source, followed by heat treatment at 600°C. The x-axis, Raman shift (cm⁻¹), identifies different vibrational modes, while the y-axis, intensity (a.u.), shows their relative signal strength. Raman spectrum of carbon-coated LiFePO₄/C prepared using urea-assisted combustion, with sucrose used as the carbon source, followed by heat treatment at 600°C. The x-axis, Raman shift (cm⁻¹), identifies different vibrational modes, while the y-axis, intensity (a.u.), shows their relative signal strength. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6870a61da3af0b47861cbcf1/dc7ce190-1cf3-45a9-87c2-18fa3e04b7fc/lfp-ftir-infrared-spectrum-functional-groups.jpg Blog - 1.4. Vibrational Spectroscopy (Raman & FTIR) - Figure 2. FTIR spectrum of the same carbon-coated LiFePO₄/C material after heat treatment at 600°C. The x-axis, wavenumber (cm⁻¹), identifies the vibrational energy, while the y-axis, transmittance (%), shows how much infrared light passes through the sample. Because this is a transmittance spectrum, the downward features represent infrared absorption bands. https://www.unityvoltsolutions.com/blog/xrd-xps-structural-surface-chemistry-li-ion-cathodes monthly 0.5 2026-07-16 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6870a61da3af0b47861cbcf1/a97de918-4307-420b-801b-967585f39cb4/lfp-xrd-crystal-structure-diffraction-pattern.png Blog - 1.3. Structural & Surface Chemistry (XRD & XPS) - Make it stand out Figure 1. XRD patterns of three carbon-coated LFP samples prepared using different mixtures of phytic acid and phosphoric acid as the phosphorus source. LFP/C-0, LFP/C-60 and LFP/C-100 used 0%, 60% and 100% phytic acid, respectively; the remainder was phosphoric acid. These names describe the synthesis route and do not indicate carbon content or material grade. Image Source: Peng et al. 2023 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6870a61da3af0b47861cbcf1/4b216cda-432d-4e4f-9811-a4adf17caf1a/lfp-xps-surface-chemistry-spectra.png Blog - 1.3. Structural & Surface Chemistry (XRD & XPS) - Make it stand out Figure 2. XPS survey and high-resolution spectra of the carbon-coated LFP/C-60 sample. Panel (a) is a broad survey scan showing the elements detected at the particle surface. Panels (b)–(e) examine the Fe 2p, P 2p, C 1s and O 1s regions in more detail. The The x-axis, binding energy (eV), indicates how strongly an electron is bound to an atom, and helps identify the element and its chemical state, while the y-axis, intensity (a.u.), shows the relative strength of the detected signal. Image Source: Peng et al. 2023 https://www.unityvoltsolutions.com/blog/fe-sem-eds-morphology-composition-li-ion-cathodes monthly 0.5 2026-07-16 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6870a61da3af0b47861cbcf1/b90f641b-5b23-4f40-99c1-59d45eac145f/lfp-sem-eds-morphology-elemental-mapping.webp Blog - 1.2. Morphology & Composition (FE-SEM & EDS) - Make it stand out Figure 1. FE-SEM images of three LiFePO₄/C samples showing differences in particle morphology, surface texture, carbon distribution and agglomeration, together with corresponding EDS elemental maps for Fe, C, O and P. Panel (b) shows the most regular secondary-particle morphology and uniform distribution, while panel (a) contains visible amorphous-carbon-rich regions and panel (c) shows substantial agglomeration. Note: Conventional SEM–EDS does not reliably detect lithium and cannot independently confirm LFP phase purity, elemental stoichiometry or carbon-coating thickness. XRD, XPS and TEM provide complementary information. 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