1.5. Nanostructure Imaging (TEM & HRTEM)

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Nanostructure Imaging (TEM)

Technique

Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and High-Resolution TEM (HRTEM) use transmitted electrons to visualize internal lattice fringes, defects, and nanocoatings at atomic resolution.

Observation

• Lattice fringes - are they ordered or defective?

• Coating thickness - is the protective layer uniform?

• Interface clarity - are grain boundaries or voids visible?

“Nanostructure defines Li-ion transport and structural strength. Uniform coatings and defect-free lattices minimize degradation.”

NCM v LFP

• NCM: 2–10 nm coatings (LiAlO₂, Al₂O₃, etc.) protect surfaces and suppress degradation.

• LFP: Uniform 2-5 nm carbon layers improve conductivity and prevent Fe dissolution.

Impact on Cell KPIs

Nanostructure influences rate capability, cycle stability, and mechanical durability.

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